Human Resource Management ( Hrm ) - 1627 Words

Human Resource Management (HRM) is an ever-evolving field and continues to move beyond past-conceived notions of merely personnel hiring and providing payroll payments to retaining functions today that align with a company’s strategic goals and plans. This paper will provide a history of HRM, and outline proposed technologies for Fortune 500 Co. to ensure success of implementation of human resource information systems within the organization. During the industrial revolution, HRM was mainly created to solve problems associated with the welfare and wages of workers. Factory workers worked extremely long hours in substandard work conditions while making very low wages. Labor riots and protest ensued which led to the establishment of labor†¦show more content†¦Today, HRM is a strategic partner within the organization. It is a process in which HRM works with the organization to assess their goals and objectives, hire, and retain the best employees to attain those outlined goals and objectives. HR managers overcome challenges by sustaining a well-balanced workload between management and employees within the organization and overcoming difficult situations pertaining to the workforce as they arise. This change has allowed HRM to enhance its relationship from merely just a staffing entity to an integral partner within the organization ensuring its success. Technology has revolutionized and transformed the world or HRM. By utilizing human resource information systems (HRIS) HR processes occur electronically allowing for data entry, tracking and payroll, and management functions to be completed by utilizing software or on online system (Duran, 2010). It permits for the departments within HR to merge into one main system allowing the organization to save money as well as time in comparison to previously used systems. Utilizing HRIS provides organizations to maintain a competitive edge while providing an efficient means for managing its most important asset, its people. A robust system provide the â€Å"capability to more effectively plan, control and manage HR costs; achieve improved efficiency and quality in HRdecision making; and improve employee and managerial productivity and

Living Together Before Marriage - 997 Words

SPEECH #2: Deciding Whether or not to Live Together before Marriage Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about making decisions on whether or not to live together before marriage. Thesis: Deciding whether or not to live together before marriage is an important decision to make that has both negative and positive consequences depending on which side you choose. I. Introduction: A. Marriage is like fine win, if tended to properly, it gets better with age. According to Neil Shah, â€Å"In the last 50 years, the percentage of men and women who cohabit, or live together, before marriage – â€Å"living in sin† as it was still called in the 1960s – has increased by almost 900 percent. Today 70 percent of women aged 30 to 34 have cohabited†¦show more content†¦C. Studies show that combining finances before marriage can be a positive for the relationship, when you don’t intermingle funds, it is far easier for one person to simply leave the relationship without as much thought about what effects could mean, Transition: Financial situations are important to look at when considering cohabitation but Religion also plays a key part. V. Topic #4: Religious aspect of the topic A. Having some sort of religious background whether it be present or not should affect your decision. B. Cohabitation is defined as two unmarried individuals of the opposite sex sharing a household and a bed. Because every major world religion is based on a moral code and strong family values, cohabitation is discouraged, if not prohibited. Premarital sex is considered a sin by followers of the Christian, Jewish and Islamic faiths. However, many millions of modern couples are taking this step and making cohabitation part of the cultural norm. Transition: Ultimately, it is up to you to weight your options and situation and decide whether or not to cohabitate. Conclusion: In conclusion, I have pointed out to the good and the bad about living together before marriage, as well as how religion and financial aspects should be taken into consideration. I want to thank you for your time and hope that I was able to inform you on making a decision later in life. Bibliography: Personal Traits, Cohabitation, and Marriage Michael T.French - IoanaShow MoreRelatedLiving Together Before Marriage1475 Words   |  6 Pagesgetter- Your daughter of 26 is fast approaching the average age for marriage in the United States. One day she tells you that she and her boyfriend are thinking about living together, and she wants to know if you think this is a good idea. What do you say? What is the informed response? Background- About a quarter of women move in with a romantic partner before the age of 20, and more women than ever live with a partner before they get married, according to a new report by the National Center forRead MoreLiving Together Before Marriage1011 Words   |  5 PagesLiving Together Before Marriage As the rate of divorce soars and as increasing numbers of marriages disintegrate, living together has become the popular alternative to many people in north America. Expersts estimate that roughly 2.2 million people are currently sharing bed and board in a live-in arrangement, this is approximately 1% of the total population.(Family. Comptoms Encyclopedia. 1992 ed.) Living together, more formally known as non marital cohabitation, is an emerging lifestyleRead MoreLiving Together Before Marriage901 Words   |  4 PagesLiving together before making our vows would have reassured us about a lifelong commitment. From my own experience, I believe that couples should live together before getting married, so they can start to know each other on a closer, more personal level; moreover, they can start thinking about the compatibility of their future spouse. Couples start knowing each other on a closer, more personal level when they live together, which prepares them for a married lifestyle. For startersRead MoreLiving Together Before Marriage And Marriage2618 Words   |  11 PagesLiving Together Before Marriage Should we consider moving in before getting married? In the New York Times Magazine, the article The Downside of Cohabiting before Marriage states that â€Å"In 1960, about 450,000 unmarried couples lived together. Now the number is more than 7.5 million. The majority of young adults in their 20s will live with a romantic partner at least once, and more than half of all marriages will be preceded by cohabitation†. (1) Considering moving in with your partner before marriageRead MoreEssay on Living Together Before Marriage961 Words   |  4 Pages Living Together Before Marriage As the rate of divorce soars and as increasing numbers of marriages disintegrate, living together has become the popular alternative to many people in north America. Expersts estimate that roughly 2.2 million people are currently sharing bed and board in a live-in arrangement, this is approximately 1% of the total population.(Family. Comptoms Encyclopedia. 1992 ed.) Living together, more formally known as non marital cohabitation, is an emerging lifestyleRead MoreEssay on Living Together Before Marriage629 Words   |  3 PagesLiving together is certainly a learning experience. I am the example of a combined household, prior to a legal union. A couple who chooses to live together without getting married can have an advantage going into a future marriage. I met my husband while on a previous job. I lived in Fort Oglethorpe, and he lived in Red Bank. After a long day at work, the challenge of spending time together became difficult because we each had a residence to maintain. We soon realized that living together,Read MoreEssay on Problems With Living Together Before Marriage1129 Words   |  5 Pagesdivorce papers and cannot hide the sadness and confusion she feels. Two years ago everyone told her living with her boyfriend was a great idea. They said she would be able to get to know him better and see if marriage would work. She trusted her friends and thought that since everyone else was doing it that it must be the wisest choice. What went wrong? Why was she unhappy with her marriage even after getting to know her husband through cohabitation? Would things have been different if sheRead Moreterm paper about living together before marriage1464 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿LIVING TOGETHER BEFORE MARRIAGE The human being and their society are always constant motion. In modern life, there are new tendencies which a lot of different than traditional countries appear. One of aspects changed quickly all over the world is love, marriage and family. A flower cannot without sunshine and man cannot live without love. (Max Muller) Love is a sacred and wonderful sentiment. In generation past, marriage and living together forever are a last destination of loveRead MoreNot So Happily Ever After968 Words   |  4 Pagesof living together either early in a dating relationship, a more serious commitment with one another before the ring happens, or if couples may not believe in the institution of marriage to make the commitment real. All these arguments have been seen in the way that society has progressed into this way of thinking. However, living together before marriage does not appear to be the way to have a safe and stable relationship that builds into a marriage or a lasting relationship. Living together beforeRead MoreCohabitation Is Defined As A Man And Woman Living1713 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Cohabitation is defined as a man and woman living in the same household and having sexual relations while not being married. There is relatively little data on health outcomes for people who have cohabitated, although there is some evidence that cohabitating couples have lower incomes (15% of cohabitating men are jobless while 8% of married men are jobless) and there may be negative academic effects for children of cohabitating mothers (Jay, 2012). Cohabitation rates are highest among those

Personal Plan for Success Free Essays

A Personal Plan For Success I often wondered how people succeeded in balancing their personal lives and maintaining a career at the same time. â€Å"One has to take a backseat,† I thought. Through the years, I have come to realize that it is not necessarily the case. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Plan for Success or any similar topic only for you Order Now When I came here to this country to work, I got to meet many people who I have come to admire in their pursuit and success in living a well-balanced family and professional life. Then I said to myself, â€Å"It is not easy but very possible. † Growing up, I always have been a planner. I want to know how things will transpire and when they will be accomplished. I do this to a fault at times but so far it has guided me through life. At this point in my life, I can truly say that I have accomplished most of what I have set out to attain. I am married to a great man and I have a good career as a critical care registered nurse. This time I have decided to take another big step in my life; I decided to continue my education and go for my master’s degree. Time to make another plan for success. Many people have asked me why I finally decided to go to graduate school after all these years of working as a registered nurse. My answer would always be, â€Å"It’s time. † Before I reached the decision to go back to school, I have put a lot of thought into it because I know it will not be an easy road to travel but my decision felt right. Getting my master’s degree will help me define a career path that will allow me to branch out to another field of nursing that has interested me. It will open up new opportunities to use my acquired nursing skills and knowledge. Acquiring a graduate degree will allow me to advance professionally and will help me become more marketable in the competitive healthcare job market. To succeed in something, I must set goals both short-term and long-term. These goals serve as a guide so that I may keep focus on what I want to accomplish at the end. I am a realistic person so I want to have goals that are reasonable. My long-term goal is to find a job that would allow me to spend more time with my family and at the same time be professionally and financially satisfying. For my short-term goals, I know that I will have to succeed in several of them before I reach the fulfillment of my long-term goal. At this time my short-term goals are to learn how to be a student again, to learn how to avigate through my online school and to be able learn how to fulfill my assignments and readings required to pass my courses in school. There are challenges that present themselves to me at this time. (Nellen, 2000), â€Å"To be able to have control over your time, don’t let it manage you! † (para. 2). This is probably the most difficult challenge I have. Coming home from a full 12-hour shift, I am just too tired to do any schoolwork. Attending on an online program helps because I can do things at my own pace. To manage my time, I try to keep a schedule and follow it as strictly as I can. It is my way of developing a new habit so that school will not be so much of a stressor. I rely a on my calendar to guide me on what to do daily. I find this very helpful, especially in making sure I do not miss any deadlines, meetings or other things that I need to do. Another challenge is the financial aspect of going back to school. In the kind of economy we are in, I sometimes need to work some overtime to make ends meet but being in school takes my time away from that. To tackle this situation, my husband and I decided to change our working situation a bit. He started a part- time job to augment our budgetary needs while I am in school. I also decided to take out a student loan to take off the burden of paying for school at this time. This may sound confusing to some people but just getting back to the student mindset is a challenge too. It has been quite a long time since I had study and do assignments and projects. I have to remind myself that I am back in school and that there are things that I need to do . To overcome this, I have set aside two hours a day for me to be a student. At this time I do my readings and other schoolwork. I am hoping that by doing this I will be able to include it in my daily routine so that I can budget my time better. When a person has goals, it is important to set milestones that would mark the achievement of these goals. These help in encouraging one to persevere toward the fulfillment of his ultimate goal. My first milestone would be when I successfully pass my first course of my master’s program. This is important because this tells me that I can do it. This conveys to me that the adjustments that I have made to meet my challenges work. A second milestone would be when the time comes that I can navigate through the different applications in the online learning system with ease and comfort. The final milestone would be passing that final course to complete my master’s program. This would validate that all my hard work was worth it. For a good plan to work, it is important that everybody involved in it fully understand what is going on. Effective communication plays a fundamental and essential part in this. Every day and every minute we communicate whether it may be verbally or non-verbally. Martha Graham, an American modern dancer and choreographer, once said, â€Å"The body says what the words cannot† (Lewis, 2012, para. 2). As a person, I am very expressive. Aside from verbally communicating my thoughts, I am very transparent in my body language too. I have no problem saying what I have in my mind but there are times when I cannot fully state what I have to say in the fear that I may offend somebody or say the wrong thing. This fear sometimes hinders me from effectively saying what needs to be said. I have found myself being overly cautious in the words that I use and sometimes that comes across as me being unsure of what to say. In contrast to this, there are times when I find myself talking too fast and not allowing time to let the person I am talking to respond. Another weakness that I have is that I fail to read the non-verbal cues. I tend to get so engrossed in the conversation that I look past the body language. Looking back at my communication strengths and weaknesses, I have come up with some strategies that I can use to improve my communication skills. I have to learn to listen attentively. There is a big difference between simply hearing what the other person is saying and listening to what he is trying to say. Hearing is simply receiving sound from somewhere whereas listening is being able to absorb and understand what is being said. By using this method, I can take a step back and process the conversation better so I can respond better. Another strategy that I can use is to hear the words behind the actions. I have to use the non-verbal cues sent my way to understand better what the message is. This way, it is easier to respond appropriately. If I understand better, I can avoid that fear of being offensive and I can be more eloquent in my choice of words to use. The last and final strategy that I have come up with is the use of feedback. Feedback allows for effective communication to exist. Here the flow of ideas takes place. With feedback, it is easy to clarify certain points of the conversation that were unclear. Feedback allows for open communication and active learning. Writing this paper has made me think and summarize what has been happening the last couple of months. It has been a long journey for me to reach this point of my career. I know I will be facing challenges in the next couple of years but having goals and strategies to help me go through them will help me persevere. Knowing my strengths and weaknesses and having a plan to improve them will guide me to succeed. During my undergraduate years, I took the first step in developing a career. I learned what I needed to function as a good nurse. With this new endeavor I have, I believe I will learn to be the best nurse I can be. Bibliography Lewis, J. J. (2012). Martha Graham quotes. Retrieved from http://womenshistory. about. com/cs/quotes/a/qu_graham_m. htm Nellen, A. (2000). Manage work, don’t let it manage you: Tips for managing your time and getting ahead. Retrieved from http://www. cob. sjsu. edu/nellen_a/time_management. htm How to cite Personal Plan for Success, Essay examples

Introduction to College Grading Curves

98% accuracy may not be a realistic goal in college; luckily, professors may use curves to save your 68% from destroying your GPA. As a high school student, you are probably accustomed to raw scores being final scores on exams and in course averages. Perhaps your overall GPA is even reported as a percentage. However, in college, there is often a â€Å"curve† that alters raw scores into more palatable final scores. Curves are usually assigned in one of two places: either on individual assignments, or at the end of the course. If individual assignments are curved, it is similar to the entire course being curved in that your raw score will not be the same as your final score. However, the two types of calculations may yield different final letter grades depending on individual and class performance. Why are curves used? Well, they’re meant to normalize grades in order to adhere to some standard of grading. For example, perhaps a university or specific department aims for a certain grade distribution (e.g. 20% A-range, 30% B-range, 20% C-range, 30% D and below), or a certain average grade (e.g. the average student received a B- in the course). This standardization is meant to control grade inflation or grade deflation (such that not all students will fail the course, or ace the course based on their raw scores). However, sometimes curves or scales are predetermined, and thus don’t force students to compete directly against one another. If, for example, the course syllabus says that a raw average of 70% or above correlates to an A grade, your performance alone will stipulate your final grade. However, if the syllabus says that the 70th percentile and above will receive an A grade, then your final grade assignment is contingent on your performancerelative to your classmates. Such courses are often more competitive, and students are forced to project their grades by benchmarking against class statistics like mean and standard deviation. Sometimes, grade distributions on individual assignments will be released intermittently to help students forecast how they are performing in the course. Hope this helps understand college grading curves. If youre just starting your freshman year this fall, dont forget to create your profile to help future applicants get into college! Plus, youll earn some money while doing it.

7 Body Language Tricks For Nailing Your Job Interview

7 Body Language Tricks For Nailing Your Job Interview In a phone interview, you could be wearing your favorite pajamas while kicking back in your easy chair- no one would be the wiser. However, in an in-person interview, your demeanor is part of the package. Your interviewer is evaluating you just as much as your resume and your answers, so being aware of what you’re putting across is an essential part of interview prep. Here are 7 body language strategies to help you keep calm under the hot lights of interview scrutiny and project your best self.  1. Stretch it out.When you’re getting dressed and ready to go, take a few minutes to stretch your muscles and do some deep breathing. If you’re like me and have jitters before every interview, no matter how prepared you feel, this can help your mind focus and de-stress. The stretching keeps your muscles from being too tense when you get to the interview, which might make you  come off as stiff and awkward.  2. Smile! You’re on stage.When you arrive, be sure t o smile at whoever greets you first and at your interviewer(s). If you feel like your toothiest grin is pasted to your face, maybe dial it back a bit. It’s okay to show a little bit of teeth (it makes the smile seem more genuine), but no one feels reassured by a mouth full of bared teeth- that one goes back all the way to our prehistoric ancestors. Also make sure you’re involving your eyes: studies have shown that crinkling your eyes up just a little has a warm and welcoming effect to the recipient. Try to have a polite, easy smile for everyone you meet; it shows you’re happy to be there and enthusiastic about the opportunity.  3. Your handshake brings all the boys to the yard.via [zimbio.com]According to 30 Rock’s Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin), â€Å"handshakefulness† is one of the pillars of business achievement. And while you may not want to base your career strategies around Liz Lemon and company, Jack is right. Your handshake matters! It shoul d be medium-firm (no death grip to show how strong you are, sorry), with eye contact between you and the shake-ee. Too strong, and you come off as aggressive. Too weak, and you seem nervous and unconfident.  4. Listen to your mom’s advice: don’t slouch.We’ve become pretty casual as a society, which  often extends to the workplace. Relaxed dress codes and flexible work arrangements are common these days. But in an interview, while you don’t want to be stiff and awkward, you should definitely err on the side of formality. Always sit up as straight as you can, with shoulders lowered and squared. You might have heard that pushing your shoulders back is the best way to approach posture in an important setting- but that can often have the effect of thrusting out your chest, which can seem provocative or confrontational.  5. Keep those limbs loose.As for your arms, those can be awkward. Should you hold them straight and rigid at your side at all times? (No pe.) Gesture wildly to illustrate every point? (Try again.) Keep them bent slightly at the elbow and resting gently at your sides? (Bingo.) If it feels awkward keeping your arms down or you’re prone to fidgeting, clasp your hands loosely in front of you, either in your lap or on the table. It’s important to stay loose, because seeming too tightly coiled can make you look small and retreating. Too loose, and it seems like you’re not taking the interview seriously. The best bet is to adjust your arms as the conversation ebbs and flows, but have the default position be resting casually at your sides.For legs, crossed confidently at the knee is the way to go. If you cross your legs at the ankles, that can give your lower half a downward slope and ruin the good work you’ve done with your overall posture.  6. Keep your head up.If you have relaxed, confident body language below the neck, you’ll want to make sure your head is in the game as well. As with the arms and sitting posture, don’t tighten up too much and stare straight ahead. The most professional-seeming head posture is keeping your chin tilted slightly sideways and up. This makes it look like you’re listening (which, ideally, you are), and that you’re confident but not aggressive. Tilting your chin straight up and out can look like you’re challenging the interviewer or reacting stubbornly.Also, know ahead of time whether you’re prone to unconscious facial tics like blinking too much when you’re nervous or licking your lips. Practice interview questions in the mirror, and try to keep those habits under control as you’re speaking. These can undermine your confident image.  7. Sound as good as you look.When you’re preparing for your interview, practice your â€Å"interview voice.† This probably isn’t the time to demonstrate the new British accent you’ve been working on, but rather an extra-steady version of your regular voice. Try smiling slightly when you talk- it gives your voice an open, confident quality. Even if you’re nervous, try not to let your voice waver or decrease in volume- that undermines the self-assured vibe you’re trying to convey.Taking the time to practice these beforehand will make them so much easier to achieve when it comes time for the interview. You know you’re ready to rock this opportunity†¦ don’t let your body slow you down!

The Scientific Possibilities of Time Travel

The Scientific Possibilities of Time Travel Stories regarding travel into the past and the future have long captured our imagination, but the question of whether time travel is possible is a thorny one that gets right to the heart of understanding what physicists mean when they use the word time.   Modern physics teaches us that time is one of the most mysterious aspects of our universe, though it may at first seem straightforward. Einstein revolutionized our understanding of the concept, but even with this revised understanding, some scientists still ponder the question of whether or not ​time actually exists or whether it is a mere stubbornly persistent illusion (as Einstein once called it). Whatever time is, though, physicists (and fiction writers) have found some interesting ways to manipulate it to consider traversing it in unorthodox ways. Time and Relativity Though referenced in H.G. Wells The Time Machine (1895), the actual science of time travel didnt come into being until well into the twentieth century, as a side-effect of Albert Einsteins theory of general relativity (developed in 1915). Relativity describes the physical fabric of the universe in terms of a 4-dimensional spacetime, which includes three spatial dimensions (up/down, left/right, and front/back) along with one time dimension. Under this theory, which has been proven by numerous experiments over the last century, gravity is a result of the bending of this spacetime in response to the presence of matter. In other words, given a certain configuration of matter, the actual spacetime fabric of the universe can be altered in significant ways. One of the amazing consequences of relativity is that movement can result in a difference in the way time passes, a process known as time dilation. This is most dramatically manifested in the classic Twin Paradox. In this method of time travel, you can move into the future faster than normal, but theres not really any way back. (Theres a slight exception, but more on that later in the article.) Early Time Travel In 1937, Scottish physicist W. J. van Stockum first applied general relativity in a way that opened the door for time travel. By applying the equation of general relativity to a situation with an infinitely long, extremely dense rotating cylinder (kind of like an endless barbershop pole). The rotation of such a massive object actually creates a phenomenon known as frame dragging, which is that it actually drags spacetime along with it. Van Stockum found that in this situation, you could create a path in 4-dimensional spacetime which began and ended at the same point - something called a closed timelike curve - which is the physical result that allows time travel. You can set off in a space ship and travel a path which brings you back to the exact same moment you started out at. Though an intriguing result, this was a fairly contrived situation, so there wasnt really much concern about it taking place. A new interpretation was about to come along, however, which was much more controversial. In 1949, the mathematician Kurt Godel - a friend of Einsteins and a colleague at Princeton Universitys Institute for Advanced Study - decided to tackle a situation where the whole universe is rotating. In Godels solutions, time travel was actually allowed by the equations if the universe were rotating. A rotating universe could itself function as a time machine. Now, if the universe were rotating, there would be ways to detect it (light beams would bend, for example, if the whole universe were rotating), and so far the evidence is overwhelmingly strong that there is no sort of universal rotation. So again, time travel is ruled out by this particular set of results. But the fact is that things in the universe do rotate, and that again opens up the possibility. Time Travel and Black Holes In 1963, New Zealand mathematician Roy Kerr used the field equations to analyze a rotating black hole, called a Kerr black hole, and found that the results allowed a path through a wormhole in the black hole, missing the singularity at the center, and make it out the other end. This scenario also allows for closed timelike curves, as theoretical physicist Kip Thorne realized years later. In the early 1980s, while Carl Sagan worked on his 1985 novel Contact, he approached Kip Thorne with a question about the physics of time travel, which inspired Thorne to examine the concept of using a black hole as a means of time travel. Together with the physicist Sung-Won Kim, Thorne realized that you could (in theory) have a black hole with a wormhole connecting it to another point in space held open by some form of negative energy. But just because you have a wormhole doesnt mean that you have a time machine. Now, lets assume that you could move one end of the wormhole (the movable end). You place the movable end on a spaceship, shooting it off into space at nearly the speed of light. Time dilation kicks in, and the time experienced by the movable end is much less than the time experienced by the fixed end. Lets assume that you move the movable end 5,000 years into the future of the Earth, but the movable end only ages 5 years. So you leave in 2010 AD, say, and arrive in 7010 AD. However, if you travel through the movable end, you will actually pop out of the fixed end in 2015 AD (since 5 years have passed back on Earth). What? How does this work? Well, the fact is that the two ends of the wormhole are connected. No matter how far apart they are, in spacetime, theyre still basically near each other. Since the movable end is only five years older than when it left, going through it will send you back to the related point on the fixed wormhole. And if someone from 2015 AD Earth steps through the fixed wormhole, theyd come out in 7010 AD from the movable wormhole. (If someone stepped through the wormhole in 2012 AD, theyd end up on the spaceship somewhere in the middle of the trip and so on.) Though this is the most physically reasonable description of a time machine, there are still problems. No one knows if wormholes or negative energy exist, nor how to put them together in this way if they do exist. But it is (in theory) possible.

Why is the Earl of Moray's role in the Chaseabout Raid still debated Essay

Why is the Earl of Moray's role in the Chaseabout Raid still debated - Essay Example It will, however, validate the charge of Bothwells sexual violence. Scholars have debated whether Mary was born on 7 or 8 December 1542, even though she celebrated her birthday on the 8th. As her contemporaries were sometimes vague about dating events that occurred shortly after midnight, it is likely that she was born in the early hours of the 8th at Linlithgow Palace to Mary of Guise, the second wife of James V of Scotland, whose parents were James IV and Margaret Tudor, a sister of Henry VIII. As Marys father died a few days after her birth in despair because of the recent English victory at Solway Moss, she could not remember a time when she was not queen regnant. The immediate accession controversy was not over her sex but her age, for she required a regent. The heir presumptive, James Hamilton, second earl of Arran, gained the office with English aid but soon found that his arrangements for Mary to wed Henry VIIIs heir were extremely unpopular. Arrans major rival was Matthew Stewart, fourth earl of Lennox, who returned from exile as a French partisan and claimed to be the rightful heir presumptive and regent because of some irregularity in the marriage of Arrans parents. After Marys coronation in September 1543, Arran rejected the English alliance, and in 1548, having been promised the dukedom of Chatelherault, agreed to her removal to France as the betrothed of Francis, the dauphin, who was born in 1544. Meanwhile, the English invaded Scotland, attempting to seize Mary, a claimant to their throne as a grandchild of Margaret Tudor, in raids called the Rough Wooing. Lennox retreated to England and wed Margaret Douglas, the daughter of Margar et Tudor, who gave birth to Darnley in